与 C++11 多线程相关的头文件
C++11 新标准中引入了四个头文件来支持多线程编程,他们分别是<atomic> ,<thread>,<mutex>,<condition_variable>和<future>。
- <atomic>:该头文主要声明了两个类, std::atomic 和 std::atomic_flag,另外还声明了一套 C 风格的原子类型和与 C 兼容的原子操作的函数。
- <thread>:该头文件主要声明了 std::thread 类,另外 std::this_thread 命名空间也在该头文件中。
- <mutex>:该头文件主要声明了与互斥量(mutex)相关的类,包括 std::mutex 系列类,std::lock_guard, std::unique_lock, 以及其他的类型和函数。
- <condition_variable>:该头文件主要声明了与条件变量相关的类,包括 std::condition_variable 和 std::condition_variable_any。
- <future>:该头文件主要声明了 std::promise, std::package_task 两个 Provider 类,以及 std::future 和 std::shared_future 两个 Future 类,另外还有一些与之相关的类型和函数,std::async() 函数就声明在此头文件中。
简单例子
#include <QCoreApplication>
#include <iostream> // std::cout
#include <thread> // std::thread
#include <mutex> // std::mutex, std::lock_guard
#include <stdexcept> // std::logic_error
std::mutex mtx;
void thread_task()
{
std::cout << "hello thread" << std::endl;
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
QCoreApplication a(argc, argv);
std::thread t(thread_task);
t.join();
return a.exec();
}
std::thread 在 <thread> 头文件中声明,因此使用 std::thread 时需要包含 <thread> 头文件。
std::thread 构造
| default (1) |
thread() noexcept; |
|---|---|
| initialization (2) |
template <class Fn, class... Args>
explicit thread (Fn&& fn, Args&&... args);
|
| copy [deleted] (3) |
thread (const thread&) = delete; |
| move (4) |
thread (thread&& x) noexcept; |
- (1). 默认构造函数,创建一个空的 thread 执行对象。
- (2). 初始化构造函数,创建一个 thread对象,该 thread对象可被 joinable,新产生的线程会调用 fn 函数,该函数的参数由 args 给出。
- (3). 拷贝构造函数(被禁用),意味着 thread 不可被拷贝构造。
- (4). move 构造函数,move 构造函数,调用成功之后 x 不代表任何 thread 执行对象。
- 注意:可被 joinable 的 thread 对象必须在他们销毁之前被主线程 join 或者将其设置为 detached.

#include <QCoreApplication>
#include <iostream>
#include <utility>
#include <thread>
#include <chrono>
#include <functional>
#include <atomic>
void f1(int n)
{
for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
std::cout << "Thread " << n << " executing\n";
std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(10));
}
}
void f2(int& n)
{
for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
std::cout << "Thread 2 executing\n";
++n;
std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(10));
}
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
QCoreApplication a(argc, argv);
int n = 0;
std::thread t1; // t1 is not a thread
std::thread t2(f1, n + 1); // pass by value
std::thread t3(f2, std::ref(n)); // pass by reference
std::thread t4(std::move(t3)); // t4 is now running f2(). t3 is no longer a thread
t2.join();
t4.join();
std::cout << "Final value of n is " << n << '\n';
return a.exec();
}
std::thread 各种构造函数例子
move 赋值操作
| move (1) |
thread& operator= (thread&& rhs) noexcept; |
|---|---|
| copy [deleted] (2) |
thread& operator= (const thread&) = delete; |
- (1). move 赋值操作,如果当前对象不可 joinable,需要传递一个右值引用(rhs)给 move 赋值操作;如果当前对象可被 joinable,则 terminate() 报错。
- (2). 拷贝赋值操作被禁用,thread 对象不可被拷贝。
请看下面的例子:
#include <QCoreApplication>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <chrono> // std::chrono::seconds
#include <iostream> // std::cout
#include <thread> // std::thread, std::this_thread::sleep_for
void thread_task(int n) {
std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(n));
std::cout << "hello thread "
<< std::this_thread::get_id()
<< " paused " << n << " seconds" << std::endl;
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
QCoreApplication a(argc, argv);
std::thread threads[5];
std::cout << "Spawning 5 threads...\n";
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
threads[i] = std::thread(thread_task, i + 1);
}
std::cout << "Done spawning threads! Now wait for them to join\n";
for (auto& t: threads) {
t.join();
}
std::cout << "All threads joined.\n";
return a.exec();
}
Spawning 5 threads... Done spawning threads! Now wait for them to join hello thread 2 paused 1 seconds hello thread 3 paused 2 seconds hello thread 4 paused 3 seconds hello thread 5 paused 4 seconds hello thread 6 paused 5 seconds All threads joined.
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