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C++模板:函数模板、类模板、模板与继承

  C++模板:描述    

        C++提供一种模板的机制来减少代码重复。比如:对于同一样函数使用不同的数据类型,int,double,char等。C++模板属于“元编程”的范畴。

C++ 模板函数

                 1.支持不同数据类型的函数重载:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int square (int x)
{
  return x * x;
};

float square (float x)
{
  return x * x;
};

double square (double x)
{
  return x * x;
};

main()
{
   int    i, ii;
   float  x, xx;
   double y, yy;

   i = 2;
   x = 2.2;
   y = 2.2;

   ii = square(i);
   cout << i << ": " << ii << endl;

   xx = square(x);
   cout << x << ": " << xx << endl;

   yy = square(y);
   cout << y << ": " << yy << endl;
}
    

2.支持所有数据类型的函数模板

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

template <class T>
inline T square(T x)
{
   T result;
   result = x * x;
   return result;
};



main()
{
   int    i, ii;
   float  x, xx;
   double y, yy;

   i = 2;
   x = 2.2;
   y = 2.2;

   ii = square<int>(i);
   cout << i << ": " << ii << endl;

   xx = square<float>(x);
   cout << x << ": " << xx << endl;

   // explicit use of template
   yy = square<double>(y);// 显式使用模板
   cout << y << ": " << yy << endl;

   yy = square(y);//隐含的方式使用模板
   cout << y << ": " << yy << endl;
}
    

注明:模板的关键字可以用class或者typename.

  • template<class T>
  • template<typename T>

两者表达的意思是一样的,但是我更喜欢使用后者。

  • 可以采用两种方式使用模板函数square<int>(value) or square(value).
  • 在模板函数的定义中,T代表数据类型。
  • 模板的声明和定义必须在同一个文件中,如头文件中。
  • C语言的宏定义也可以实现函数模板的功能,#define square(x) (x * x)
    但是宏没有类型检查,函数模板有类型检查。

     

    C++ 模板特例化

  • 下面的例子字符串类型需要特殊处理,采用模板的特例化

  • #include <iostream>
    using namespace std;
    
    template <class T>
    inline T square(T x)
    {
       T result;
       result = x * x;
       return result;
    };
    
    // 模板特殊化
    template <>
    string square<string>(string ss)
    {
       return (ss+ss);
    };
    
    main()
    {
       int i = 2, ii;
       string ww("Aaa");
    
       ii = square<int>(i);
       cout << i << ": " << ii << endl;
    
        cout << square<string>(ww) << endl;
    }
        
    

    注明:模板特例化用于当一个数据类型需要进行不同的处理和实现的情况。

  •  C++ 模板无类型参数

  •  

    #include <iostream>
    using namespace std;
    
    template <typename T, int count>
    void loopIt(T x)
    {
       T val[count];
    
       for(int ii=0; ii<count; ii++)
       { 
           val[ii] = x++;
           cout <<  val[ii] << endl;
       }
    };
    
    main()
    {
       float xx = 2.1;
    
       loopIt<float,3>(xx);
    }
    

     C++ 模板默认类型参数以及无类型参数

    #include <iostream>
    using namespace std;
    
    template <typename T=float, int count=3>
    T multIt(T x)
    {
       for(int ii=0; ii<count; ii++)
       {
           x = x * x;
       }
       return x;
    };
    
    main()
    {
       float xx = 2.1;
    
       cout << xx << ": " << multIt<>(xx) << endl;;
    }
    

    注明:multIt<>没有指定参数类型,默认为float;

     C++ 类模板

    类模板定义:template <class T> class MyTemplateClass { ... };

    类模板特例化:template <> class MyTemplateClass <specific-data-type> { ... };

    File: Matrix2x2.hpp

    #ifndef MATRIX_2X2_HPP__
    #define MATRIX_2X2_HPP__
    
    using namespace std;
    
    /**
        m(11)  m(12)
        m(21)  m(22)
    */
    
    template <class T>
    class Matrix2x2
    {
    public:
       Matrix2x2(T m11, T m12, T m21, T m22);    //constructor
       Matrix2x2(T m[2][2]);
       Matrix2x2();
    
       int Add(Matrix2x2 x)
       int Multiply(Matrix2x2 x)
       void Print();
       T m[2][2];
    };
    
    template <class T>
    Matrix2x2<T>::Matrix2x2(T _m11, T _m12, T _m21, T _m22)
    {
       m[0][0] = _m11;
       m[0][1] = _m12;
       m[1][0] = _m21;
       m[1][1] = _m22;
    }
    
    template <class T>
    Matrix2x2<T>::Matrix2x2(T _m)
    {
       m[0][0] = _m[0][0];
       m[0][1] = _m[0][1];
       m[1][0] = _m[1][0];
       m[1][1] = _m[1][1];
    }
    
    template <class T>
    Matrix2x2<T>::Matrix2x2()
    {
       m[0][0] = 0;
       m[0][1] = 0;
       m[1][0] = 0;
       m[1][1] = 0;
    }
    
    template <class T>
    Matrix2x2<T>::Add(Matrix2x2 _x)
    {
        Matrix2x2<T> sum;
        sum.m[0][0] = m[0][0] + _x.m[0][0];
        sum.m[0][1] = m[0][1] + _x.m[0][1];
        sum.m[1][0] = m[1][0] + _x.m[1][0];
        sum.m[1][1] = m[1][1] + _x.m[1][1];
        return sum;
    }
    
    template <class T>
    Matrix2x2<T>::Multiply(Matrix2x2 _x)
    {
        Matrix2x2<T> sum;
        sum.m[0][0] = m[0][0] * _x.m[0][0] + m[0][1] * _x.m[1][0];
        sum.m[0][1] = m[0][0] * _x.m[0][1] + m[0][1] * _x.m[1][1];
        sum.m[1][0] = m[1][0] * _x.m[0][0] + m[1][1] * _x.m[1][0];
        sum.m[1][1] = m[1][0] * _x.m[0][1] + m[1][1] * _x.m[1][1];
        return sum;
    }
    
    template <class T>
    Matrix2x2<T>::Print()
    {
        cout << "|" << m[0][0] << "  " <<  m[0][1] << "|" << endl;
        cout << "|" << m[1][0] << "  " <<  m[1][1] << "|" << endl;
    }
    
    #endif
              
    

    TestMatrix2x2.cpp

    #include <iostream>
    
    #include "Matrix2x2.hpp"
    
    using namespace std;
    
    int main(int argc, char* argv[])
    {
        Matrix2x2<int> X(1,2,3,4);
        Matrix2x2<int> Y(5,6,7,8);
    
        cout << "X:" << endl;
        X.Print();
    
        cout << "Y:" << endl;
        Y.Print();
    
        Matrix2x2<int> A = X.Add(Y);
        cout << "A:" << endl;
        A.Print();
    
        Matrix2x2<int> B = X.Add(Y);
        cout << "B:" << endl;
        B.Print();
    }
              
    

     

     C++ 普通类和类模板的静态成员变量

    普通类的静态成员函数:

    #include <iostream>
    
    using namespace std;
    
    
    class XYZ
    {
    public:
        void putPri();
        static int ipub;
    private:
        static int ipri;
    };
    
    
    void XYZ::putPri()
    {
        cout << ipri++ << endl;
    }
    
    // 静态成员变量初始化:
    int XYZ::ipub = 1;
    int XYZ::ipri = 1;
    
    main()
    {
        XYZ aaa;
        XYZ bbb;
    
        aaa.putPri();
        cout << aaa.ipub << endl;
        bbb.putPri();
    }
    

    类模板的静态成员:

    #include <iostream>
    
    using namespace std;
    
    template <class T> 
    class XYZ
    {
    public:
        void putPri();
        static T ipub;
    private:
        static T ipri;
    };
    
    template <class T> 
    void XYZ<T>::putPri()
    {
        cout << ipri++ << endl;
    }
    
    // 静态成员初始化:
    template <class T> T XYZ<T>::ipub = 1;
    template <class T> T XYZ<T>::ipri = 1.2;
    
    main()
    {
        XYZ<int> aaa;
        XYZ<float> bbb;
    
        aaa.putPri();
        cout << aaa.ipub << endl;
        bbb.putPri();
    }
    

     C++ 模板的模板参数

    #include <iostream>
    using namespace std;
    
    template <template <typename T> typename U>
    class Xyz
    {
        ....
    };
    

     C++ 类模板和继承

    Color.hpp (无模板的基类)

    #ifndef COLOR_HPP__
    #define COLOR_HPP__
    #include <string>
    enum eColor { none = 0, red, white, blue, yellow, green, black };
    
    class Color
    {
    public:
        Color(eColor color);
        void setColor(eColor color);
        eColor getColor() { return mColor; };
        std::string getStrColor();
    
    protected:
        eColor mColor;
    };
    
    Color::Color(eColor _color)
    {
       mColor = _color;
    }
    
    void Color::setColor(eColor _color)
    {
        mColor = _color;
    }
    
    std::string Color::getStrColor()
    {
        switch(mColor)
        {
           case red:
               return "red";
           case white:
               return "white";
           case blue:
               return "blue";
           case yellow:
               return "yellow";
           case green:
               return "green";
           case black:
               return "black";
           case none:
           default:
               return "none";
        }
    }
    #endif
              
    

    File: Circle.hpp (模板基类)

    #ifndef CIRCLE_HPP__
    #define CIRCLE_HPP__
    #include <math.h>
    #include <string>
    
    #include "Color.hpp"
    
    template <typename T>
    class Circle : public Color
    {
    public:
        Circle(T centerX, T centerY, T radius, eColor color);
        Circle(T centerX, T centerY, T radius);
        Circle(T radius);
    
        T area();
        T circumference();
        T getX();
        T getY();
        T getRadius();
    
    protected:
        T x;
        T y;
        T radius;
    };
    
    template <typename T>
    Circle<T>::Circle(T _x, T _y, T _radius, eColor _color)
    : Color(_color)
    {
        x = _x;
        y = _y;
        radius = _radius;
    }
    
    template <typename T>
    Circle<T>::Circle(T _x, T _y, T _radius)
    : Color(none)
    {
        x = _x;
        y = _y;
        radius = _radius;
    }
    
    template <typename T>
    Circle<T>::Circle(T _radius)
    : Color(none)
    {
        x = const_cast<T>(0);
        y = const_cast<T>(0);
        radius = _radius;
    }
    
    template <typename T>
    T Circle<T>::area()
    {
        return M_PI * radius * radius;
    }
    
    template <typename T>
    T Circle<T>::circumference()
    {
        return const_cast<T>(2) * M_PI * radius;
    }
    #endif
              
    

    File: testCircle.cpp

     

    #include <iostream>
    #include "Circle.hpp"
    
    using namespace std;
    
    int main(int argc, char* argv[])
    {
        Circle<float> circleA(0.0, 0.0, 10.0, white);
        cout << "Area: "  << circleA.area() << endl;
        cout << "Color: " << circleA.getStrColor() << endl;
    }
              
    

     

     一个模板类继承另外一个模板类:

    File: Sphere.hpp (派生类)

    #ifndef SPHERE_HPP__
    #define SPHERE_HPP__
    
    #include "Circle.hpp"
    
    template <typename T>
    class Sphere : public Circle<T>
    {
    public:
        Sphere(T centerZ, T centerX, T centerY, T radius, eColor color);
        Sphere(T radius);
        Sphere();
    
        T surfaceArea();
        T volume();
        T getZ();
    
    private:
        T z;
    };
    
    template <typename T>
    Sphere<T>::Sphere(T _x, T _y, T _z, T _radius, eColor _color)
    : Circle<T>::Circle (_x, _y, _radius, _color)
    {
        this->z = _z;
    }
    
    template <typename T>
    Sphere<T>::Sphere(T _radius)
    : Circle<T>::Circle (_radius)
    {
        this->x = const_cast<T>(0);
        this->y = const_cast<T>(0);
        this->z = const_cast<T>(0);
        this->radius = _radius;
    }
    
    template <typename T>
    Sphere<T>::Sphere()
    {
        this->x = const_cast<T>(0);
        this->y = const_cast<T>(0);
        this->z = const_cast<T>(0);
        this->radius = const_cast<T>(1);
    }
    
    template <typename T>
    T Sphere<T>::surfaceArea()
    {
        return const_cast<T>(4) * M_PI * this->radius * this->radius;
    }
    
    template <typename T>
    T Sphere<T>::volume()
    {
        T three = 3;
        T four  = 4;
        return four * M_PI * this->radius * this->radius * this->radius / three;
    }
    #endif
    

    注明:用this来显示类的依赖

    File: testSphere.cpp

    #include <iostream>
    #include "Sphere.hpp"
    
    using namespace std;
    
    int main(int argc, char* argv[])
    {
        Sphere<float> sphereA(0.0, 0.0, 0.0,10.0, blue);
        cout << "Volume: " << sphereA.volume() << endl;
        cout << "Color: "  << sphereA.getStrColor() << endl;
    }